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A very favorite strain from our collection. Main article: The word cannabis is from κάνναβις kánnabis see cannabis , which was originally or.

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In 2008, after his wife cheated on him with a friend while on vacation, he filed for a divorce. Where a licensed health professional authorized to prescribe drugs administers or personally furnishes, or where a pharmacist sells at retail, liniments, ointments, and other preparations, that are susceptible of external use only and that contain narcotic drugs in a combination that prevents the drugs from being readily extracted from the liniments, ointments, or preparations, except that this chapter and Chapter 2925. Despite the smell, a very pleasant High with a little more body to it than the Skunk 1. American Journal of Public Health.

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This article is about the plant genus. For use as a psychoactive drug, see. For other uses, see. The number of species within the genus is disputed. Three species may be recognized: , , and ; C. The genus is to and the. The plant is also known as hemp, although this term is often used to refer only to varieties of Cannabis cultivated for non-drug use. Cannabis has long been used for fibre, for , , and. Industrial hemp products are made from cannabis plants selected to produce an abundance of fiber. To satisfy the , some cannabis strains have been bred to produce minimal levels of THC , the principal. Many plants have been selectively bred to produce a maximum of THC , which is obtained by the flowers. Various compounds, including and , are extracted from the plant. Globally, in 2013, 60,400 kilograms of cannabis. In 2014 there were an estimated 182. This percentage has not changed significantly between 1998 and 2014. A of wild cannabis in ,. Cannabis is an , ,. The are , with. The first pair of leaves usually have a single leaflet, the number gradually increasing up to a maximum of about thirteen leaflets per leaf usually seven or nine , depending on variety and growing conditions. At the top of a flowering plant, this number again diminishes to a single leaflet per leaf. The lower leaf pairs usually occur in an opposite and the upper leaf pairs in an alternate arrangement on the main stem of a mature plant. The leaves have a peculiar and diagnostic venation pattern that enables persons poorly familiar with the plant to distinguish a cannabis leaf from unrelated species that have confusingly similar leaves see illustration. As is common in serrated leaves, each serration has a central vein extending to its tip. However, the serration vein originates from lower down the central vein of the leaflet, typically opposite to the position of, not the first notch down, but the next notch. This means that on its way from the midrib of the leaflet to the point of the serration, the vein serving the tip of the serration passes close by the intervening notch. Sometimes the vein will actually pass tangent to the notch, but often it will pass by at a small distance, and when that happens a spur vein occasionally a pair of such spur veins branches off and joins the leaf margin at the deepest point of the notch. This venation pattern varies slightly among varieties, but in general it enables one to tell Cannabis leaves from superficially similar leaves without difficulty and without special equipment. Tiny samples of Cannabis plants also can be identified with precision by microscopic examination of leaf cells and similar features, but that requires special expertise and equipment. Reproduction Cannabis sativa fruits achenes that contain the seeds All known strains of Cannabis are and the fruit is an. Most strains of Cannabis are , with the possible exception of C. Male flowers are normally borne on loose , and female flowers are borne on. Many monoecious varieties have also been described, in which individual plants bear both male and female flowers. Subdioecy the occurrence of monoecious individuals and dioecious individuals within the same population is widespread. Many populations have been described as sexually labile. As a result of intensive selection in cultivation, Cannabis exhibits many sexual phenotypes that can be described in terms of the ratio of female to male flowers occurring in the individual, or typical in the cultivar. Dioecious varieties are preferred for drug production, where the female flowers are used. Dioecious varieties are also preferred for textile fiber production, whereas monoecious varieties are preferred for pulp and paper production. It has been suggested that the presence of monoecy can be used to differentiate licit crops of monoecious hemp from illicit drug crops. However, sativa strains often produce monoecious individuals, probably as a result of inbreeding. Male Cannabis flower buds Sex determination Cannabis has been described as having one of the most complicated mechanisms of among the dioecious plants. Many models have been proposed to explain sex determination in Cannabis. Based on studies of sex reversal in , it was first reported by K. Hirata in 1924 that an is present. At the time, the XY system was the only known system of sex determination. The was first described in Drosophila spp in 1925. Soon thereafter, Schaffner disputed Hirata's interpretation, and published results from his own studies of sex reversal in hemp, concluding that an X:A system was in use and that furthermore sex was strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Since then, many different types of sex determination systems have been discovered, particularly in plants. Dioecy is relatively uncommon in the plant kingdom, and a very low percentage of dioecious plant species have been determined to use the XY system. In most cases where the XY system is found it is believed to have evolved recently and independently. Since the 1920s, a number of sex determination models have been proposed for Cannabis. The question of whether heteromorphic sex chromosomes are indeed present is most conveniently answered if such chromosomes were clearly visible in a. Cannabis was one of the first plant species to be karyotyped; however, this was in a period when karyotype preparation was primitive by modern standards see. These varieties were assumed to have sex chromosome composition XX. According to other researchers, no modern karyotype of Cannabis had been published as of 1996. Proponents of the XY system state that is slightly larger than the X, but difficult to differentiate cytologically. More recently, Sakamoto and various co-authors have used to isolate several sequences that they name Male-Associated DNA in Cannabis MADC , and which they interpret as indirect evidence of a male chromosome. Several other research groups have reported identification of male-associated markers using RAPD and. Ainsworth commented on these findings, stating, It is not surprising that male-associated markers are relatively abundant. In dioecious plants where sex chromosomes have not been identified, markers for maleness indicate either the presence of sex chromosomes which have not been distinguished by cytological methods or that the marker is tightly linked to a gene involved in sex determination. Environmental sex determination is known to occur in a variety of species. Many researchers have suggested that sex in Cannabis is determined or strongly influenced by environmental factors. Ainsworth reviews that treatment with and have feminizing effects, and that treatment with and have masculinizing effects. It has been reported that sex can be reversed in Cannabis using chemical treatment. A -based method for the detection of female-associated by has been developed. As a drug it usually comes in the form of dried flower buds , , or various extracts collectively known as. In the early 20th century, it became illegal in most of the world to cultivate or possess Cannabis for sale or personal use. Recent studies based on analysis and strongly suggest that the Cannabaceae sensu stricto arose from within the former family Celtidaceae, and that the two families should be merged to form a single family, the. There are 483 identifiable chemical constituents known to exist in the cannabis plant, and at least 85 different cannabinoids have been isolated from the plant. Non-drug plants produce relatively low levels of THC and high levels of CBD, while drug plants produce high levels of THC and low levels of CBD. When plants of these two chemotypes cross-pollinate, the plants in the first filial F 1 generation have an intermediate chemotype and produce intermedite amounts of CBD and THC. Female plants of this chemotype may produce enough THC to be utilized for drug production. Top of Cannabis plant in vegetative growth stage Whether the drug and non-drug, cultivated and wild types of Cannabis constitute a single, highly variable species, or the genus is polytypic with more than one species, has been a subject of debate for well over two centuries. This is a contentious issue because there is no universally accepted definition of a. However, physical barriers to gene exchange such as the Himalayan mountain range might have enabled Cannabis gene pools to diverge before the onset of human intervention, resulting in speciation. It remains controversial whether sufficient morphological and occurs within the genus as a result of geographical or ecological isolation to justify recognition of more than one species. He considered the genus to be monotypic, having just a single species that he named Cannabis sativa L. Linnaeus was familiar with European hemp, which was widely cultivated at the time. In 1785, noted evolutionary biologist published a description of a second species of Cannabis, which he named Cannabis indica Lam. Lamarck based his description of the newly named species on plant specimens collected in India. Additional Cannabis species were proposed in the 19th century, including strains from China and Vietnam Indo-China assigned the names Cannabis chinensis Delile, and Cannabis gigantea Delile ex Vilmorin. However, many taxonomists found these putative species difficult to distinguish. In the early 20th century, the single-species concept was still widely accepted, except in the where Cannabis continued to be the subject of active taxonomic study. The name Cannabis indica was listed in various , and was widely used to designate Cannabis suitable for the manufacture of medicinal preparations. Janichevsky concluded that Cannabis in central Russia is either a variety of C. In 1929, renowned plant explorer assigned wild or feral populations of Cannabis in Afghanistan to C. In 1940, Russian botanists Serebriakova and Sizov proposed a complex classification in which they also recognized C. Serebriakova and Sizov split the two C. However, they did not divide C. In the 1970s, the taxonomic classification of Cannabis took on added significance in North America. Laws prohibiting Cannabis in the and specifically named products of C. Enterprising attorneys for the defense in a few drug busts argued that the seized Cannabis material may not have been C. Attorneys on both sides recruited botanists to provide expert testimony. Among those testifying for the prosecution was Dr. Ernest Small, while and others testified for the defense. The botanists engaged in heated debate outside of court , and both camps impugned the other's integrity. The defense attorneys were not often successful in winning their case, because the intent of the law was clear. In 1976, Canadian botanist Ernest Small and American taxonomist published a taxonomic revision that recognizes a single species of Cannabis with two subspecies: C. The authors hypothesized that the two subspecies diverged primarily as a result of human selection; C. Within these two subspecies, Small and Cronquist described C. This classification was based on several factors including interfertility, chromosome uniformity, chemotype, and numerical analysis of characters. Professors William Emboden, Loran Anderson, and Harvard botanist and coworkers also conducted taxonomic studies of Cannabis in the 1970s, and concluded that stable differences exist that support recognition of at least three species, C. For Schultes, this was a reversal of his previous interpretation that Cannabis is monotypic, with only a single species. According to Schultes' and Anderson's descriptions, C. Continuing research developed in the late 20th century are being applied to questions of taxonomic classification. This has resulted in many reclassifications based on. Several studies of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA and other types of genetic markers have been conducted on drug and fiber strains of Cannabis, primarily for and forensic purposes. Dutch Cannabis researcher E. They also commented that these analyses confirm the continuity of the Cannabis throughout the studied accessions, and provide further confirmation that the genus consists of a single species, although theirs was not a systematic study per se. Hillig, a student in the laboratory of long-time Cannabis researcher Paul G. Mahlberg at , conducted a systematic investigation of genetic, morphological, and variation among 157 Cannabis accessions of known geographic origin, including fiber, drug, and feral populations. In 2004, Hillig and Mahlberg published a chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in their Cannabis collection. They used to determine cannabinoid content and to infer frequencies of the that controls CBD and THC production within the studied populations, and concluded that the patterns of cannabinoid variation support recognition of C. Narrow-leaflet and wide-leaflet drug accessions, southern and eastern Asian hemp accessions, and feral Himalayan populations were assigned to C. In 2005, Hillig published a of the same set of accessions this paper was the first in the series, but was delayed in publication , and proposed a three-species classification, recognizing C. In his doctoral published the same year, Hillig stated that of morphological traits failed to differentiate the putative species, but that resulted in a high degree of discrimination of the putative species and infraspecific taxa. Another paper in the series on chemotaxonomic variation in the content of the of Cannabis revealed that several wide-leaflet drug strains in the collection had relatively high levels of certain alcohols, including guaiol and isomers of eudesmol, that set them apart from the other putative taxa. Hillig concluded that the patterns of genetic, morphological, and chemotaxonomic variation support recognition of C. He also concluded there is little support to treat C. In September 2005, reported that researchers at the Canberra Institute of Technology had identified a new type of Cannabis based on analysis of and DNA. The New Scientist story, which was picked up by many news agencies and web sites, indicated that the research was to be published in the journal Forensic Science International. Popular usage The scientific debate regarding taxonomy has had little effect on the terminology in widespread use among cultivators and users of drug-type Cannabis. Cannabis aficionados recognize three distinct types based on such factors as morphology, , aroma, and subjective psychoactive characteristics. Sativa is the most widespread variety, which is usually tall, laxly branched, and found in warm lowland regions. Indica designates shorter, bushier plants adapted to cooler climates and highland environments. Ruderalis is the informal name for the short plants that grow wild in Europe and central Asia. Cannabis is used for a wide variety of purposes. History The use of Cannabis as a mind-altering drug has been documented by archaeological finds in prehistoric societies in Eurasia and Africa. The oldest written record of cannabis usage is the Greek historian 's reference to the central Eurasian taking cannabis steam baths. In 1545, cannabis spread to the western hemisphere where Spaniards imported it to Chile for its use as fiber. In North America, cannabis, in the form of hemp, was grown for use in rope, clothing and paper. Recreational use A dried bud, typical of what is sold for drug use Cannabis is a popular recreational drug around the world, only behind , and. In the United States alone, it is believed that over 100 million Americans have tried cannabis, with 25 million Americans having used it within the past year. Primary psychoactive effects include a state of relaxation, and to a lesser degree, euphoria from its main psychoactive compound,. Secondary psychoactive effects, such as a facility for philosophical thinking, and have been reported among cases of and. Finally, the tertiary psychoactive effects of the drug cannabis, can include an increase in heart rate and hunger, believed to be caused by , a psychoactive metabolite of produced in the. Normal cognition is restored after approximately three hours for larger doses via a , or. However, if a large amount is taken orally the effects may last much longer. After 24 hours to a few days, minuscule psychoactive effects may be felt, depending on dosage, frequency and tolerance to the drug. Various exist, including extracts such as hashish and hash oil which, because of appearance, are more susceptible to when left unregulated. CBD , which has no psychotropic effects by itself although sometimes showing a small stimulant effect, similar to , attenuates, or reduces the higher anxiety levels caused by alone. According to by British researchers in 2007, cannabis has a lower risk factor for compared to both nicotine and alcohol. However, everyday use of cannabis may be correlated with psychological , such as irritability or insomnia, and susceptibility to a may increase as levels of THC metabolites rise. However, cannabis withdrawal symptoms are typically mild and are never life-threatening. Risk of adverse outcomes from cannabis use may be reduced by implementation of evidence-based education and intervention tools communicated to the public with practical regulation measures. On 19 June 2018, the passed a recreational cannabis bill and the announced the effective legalization date as October 17, 2018. Canada is the second nation after to legalize cannabis for recreational use. Medical use Main article: Medical cannabis or medical marijuana refers to the use of and its constituent , to treat disease or improve symptoms. Cannabis is used to during , to improve appetite in people with , and to treat and. Short-term use increases both minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, and hallucinations. Concerns including memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, in young people, and the risk of children taking it by accident. Cannabinoids are under preliminary research for their potential to affect or children's. Cannabis sativa stem longitudinal section The term hemp is used to name the durable soft fiber from the Cannabis stalk. Cannabis sativa cultivars are used for fibers due to their long stems; Sativa varieties may grow more than six metres tall. However, hemp can refer to any industrial or foodstuff product that is not intended for use as a drug. Many countries regulate limits for psychoactive compound concentrations in products labeled as hemp. Cannabis for industrial uses is valuable in tens of thousands of commercial products, especially as fibre ranging from , , and textiles in general, to. Hemp is stronger and longer-lasting than. It also is a useful source of foodstuffs hemp milk, hemp seed, hemp oil and. Hemp has been used by many civilizations, from to and later during the last 12,000 years. In modern times novel applications and improvements have been explored with modest commercial success. Ancient and religious uses in The Cannabis plant has a history of medicinal use dating back thousands of years across many cultures. The Yanghai Tombs, a vast ancient cemetery 54 000 m 2 situated in the district of the of the , have revealed the 2700-year-old grave of a. He is thought to have belonged to the recorded in the area centuries later in the , Chap 96B. Near the head and foot of the shaman was a large leather basket and wooden bowl filled with 789g of cannabis, superbly preserved by climatic and burial conditions. An international team demonstrated that this material contained , the psychoactive component of cannabis. The cannabis was presumably employed by this culture as a medicinal or psychoactive agent, or an aid to divination. This is the oldest documentation of cannabis as a pharmacologically active agent. Settlements which date from c. Although there is no evidence of ephedra being used by steppe tribes, they engaged in cultic use of hemp. Cultic use ranged from to the and had begun by 3rd millennium BC Smoking hemp has been found at. Cannabis is first referred to in between 2000 and 1400 BCE, in the. Cannabis use eventually became a ritual part of the Hindu festival of. One of the earliest to use this plant in medical purposes was , one of the 18. The plant is called Korakkar Mooli in the , meaning Korakkar's herb. In , cannabis is generally regarded as an intoxicant and may be a hindrance to development of meditation and clear awareness. In ancient , Cannabis was associated with the love goddess,. An anointing oil mentioned in Exodus is, by some translators, said to contain Cannabis. In modern times, the has embraced Cannabis as a sacrament. Elders of the , a founded in the in 1975 with no ties to either or the , consider Cannabis to be the , claiming it as an oral tradition from dating back to the time of. Like the Rastafari, some modern Christian sects have asserted that Cannabis is the. Other organized founded in the 20th century that treat Cannabis as a are the , , the and the. Rastafarians tend to be among the biggest consumers of modern Cannabis use. Cannabis is frequently used among — the mystical interpretation of that exerts strong influence over local Muslim practices in , , , , and. Cannabis preparations are frequently used at Sufi festivals in those countries. Pakistan's in province is particularly renowned for the widespread use of cannabis at the shrine's celebrations, especially its annual festival and Thursday evening dhamaal sessions - or meditative dancing sessions. Main article: The word cannabis is from κάνναβις kánnabis see cannabis , which was originally or. It is related to the kanab, the English canvas and possibly even to the English hænep. The Medicinal Uses of Cannabis and Cannabinoids. Retrieved 13 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2011. INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD. Retrieved 1 August 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2011. Marijuana Botany, 2nd ed. Canadian Journal of Botany. Trends in Plant Science. Advances in Hemp Research, Haworth Press, Binghamton, NY, pp. Cristiana; Cattivelli, Luigi; Ranalli, P. Archived from the original on 13 March 2003. Retrieved 10 February 2008. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. Journal of Industrial Hemp. 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Encyclopédie Méthodique de Botanique, vol. National Research Council Canada. Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets. A study of systematic wood anatomy in Cannabis. Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets 24: 29—36. Leaf variation among Cannabis species from a controlled garden. Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets 28: 61—69. Random thoughts and queries on the botany of Cannabis. TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Cristiana; Ranalli, Paolo; Mandolino, Giuseppe 2001. North American Industrial Hemp Council. A systematic investigation of Cannabis. Department of Biology, Indiana University. Retrieved on 23 February 2007 21 November 2008 at the. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. New Scientist 2517: 12. Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. The Internet Classics Archive. Retrieved 13 August 2014. Archived from on 25 March 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 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